Gartner (IT) Market Cap 1993–2026

As of November 11, 2026, Gartner had a market cap of $12.28 billion, which increased by 2.16% compared to the previous trading day. Market capitalization, often referred to as market cap, represents the total value of a company's outstanding shares on the stock market and is a common measure of its overall size and valuation.

Data updated: Nov 11, 2026, 4:00 PM ET

Gartner Inc. (IT)

🌍 United States 📈 NYSE 🏭 Technology 🏢 IT Services

Latest Market Cap

$12.28B ▲ 2.16%

Start of 2026

$18.18B ▼ 32.45%

1 Year Ago

$16.69B ▼ 26.42%

All-Time High

$42.56B ▼ 71.15%

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Note: Each point on the chart represents the market capitalization at the end of the trading day.
Source: Data compiled from EDGAR filings, Bloomberg and Yahoo Finance.

📈 Gartner Market Cap History by Year and Month

Gartner Market Cap History by Year and Month
Year / Month	Market Cap	% Change
2026	$12.28B	▼ 32.45%
November 11, 2026	$12.28B	▼ 16.69%
October 30, 2026	$14.74B	▲ 22.73%
September 30, 2026	$12.01B	▼ 5.88%
August 31, 2026	$12.76B	▲ 24.49%
July 31, 2026	$10.25B	▲ 16.50%
June 30, 2026	$8.798B	▼ 18.99%
May 29, 2026	$10.86B	▲ 3.82%
April 30, 2026	$10.46B	▼ 6.27%
March 31, 2026	$11.16B	▲ 0.81%
February 27, 2026	$11.07B	▼ 26.74%
January 30, 2026	$15.11B	▼ 16.89%
2025	$18.18B	▼ 51.50%
December 31, 2025	$18.18B	▲ 8.34%
November 28, 2025	$16.78B	▼ 10.79%
October 31, 2025	$18.81B	▼ 5.52%
September 30, 2025	$19.91B	▲ 4.68%
August 29, 2025	$19.02B	▼ 27.01%
July 31, 2025	$26.06B	▼ 16.23%
June 30, 2025	$31.11B	▼ 7.38%
May 30, 2025	$33.59B	▲ 3.51%
April 30, 2025	$32.45B	▼ 0.09%
March 31, 2025	$32.48B	▼ 15.15%
February 28, 2025	$38.28B	▼ 8.86%
January 31, 2025	$42B	▲ 12.03%
2024	$37.488B	▲ 6.61%
December 31, 2024	$37.488B	▼ 6.16%
November 29, 2024	$39.948B	▲ 3.07%
October 31, 2024	$38.758B	▼ 1.33%
September 30, 2024	$39.279B	▲ 3.61%
August 30, 2024	$37.91B	▼ 1.84%
July 31, 2024	$38.622B	▲ 10.79%
June 28, 2024	$34.861B	▲ 7.00%
May 31, 2024	$32.579B	▲ 1.72%
April 30, 2024	$32.029B	▼ 13.82%
March 28, 2024	$37.166B	▲ 2.39%
February 29, 2024	$36.3B	▲ 1.29%
January 31, 2024	$35.836B	▲ 1.91%
2023	$35.164B	▲ 32.39%
December 29, 2023	$35.164B	▲ 3.74%
November 30, 2023	$33.896B	▲ 30.96%
October 31, 2023	$25.883B	▼ 4.45%
September 29, 2023	$27.087B	▼ 1.74%
August 31, 2023	$27.565B	▼ 1.11%
July 31, 2023	$27.873B	▲ 0.49%
June 30, 2023	$27.738B	▲ 2.35%
May 31, 2023	$27.1B	▲ 13.36%
April 28, 2023	$23.906B	▼ 7.68%
March 31, 2023	$25.895B	▼ 0.08%
February 28, 2023	$25.917B	▼ 3.19%
January 31, 2023	$26.771B	▲ 0.79%
2022	$26.562B	▼ 3.58%
December 30, 2022	$26.562B	▼ 4.06%
November 30, 2022	$27.686B	▲ 16.05%
October 31, 2022	$23.858B	▲ 8.91%
September 30, 2022	$21.906B	▼ 2.93%
August 31, 2022	$22.566B	▲ 7.47%
July 29, 2022	$20.997B	▲ 9.23%
June 30, 2022	$19.223B	▼ 9.04%
May 31, 2022	$21.134B	▼ 9.69%
April 29, 2022	$23.401B	▼ 3.16%
March 31, 2022	$24.166B	▲ 4.72%
February 28, 2022	$23.076B	▼ 4.71%
January 31, 2022	$24.217B	▼ 12.09%
2021	$27.548B	▲ 93.57%
December 31, 2021	$27.548B	▲ 7.28%
November 30, 2021	$25.679B	▼ 5.92%
October 29, 2021	$27.296B	▲ 8.30%
September 30, 2021	$25.204B	▼ 2.41%
August 31, 2021	$25.826B	▲ 16.62%
July 30, 2021	$22.145B	▲ 8.67%
June 30, 2021	$20.379B	▲ 2.11%
May 28, 2021	$19.957B	▲ 18.36%
April 30, 2021	$16.861B	▲ 6.07%
March 31, 2021	$15.896B	▲ 0.08%
February 26, 2021	$15.884B	▲ 17.70%
January 29, 2021	$13.496B	▼ 5.17%
2020	$14.231B	▲ 3.58%
December 31, 2020	$14.231B	▲ 4.86%
November 30, 2020	$13.572B	▲ 26.56%
October 30, 2020	$10.724B	▼ 4.01%
September 30, 2020	$11.172B	▼ 3.56%
August 31, 2020	$11.584B	▲ 4.16%
July 31, 2020	$11.122B	▲ 2.59%
June 30, 2020	$10.841B	▼ 0.11%
May 29, 2020	$10.853B	▲ 2.44%
April 30, 2020	$10.594B	▲ 19.16%
March 31, 2020	$8.891B	▼ 22.88%
February 28, 2020	$11.529B	▼ 19.52%
January 31, 2020	$14.325B	▲ 4.26%
2019	$13.74B	▲ 19.82%
December 31, 2019	$13.74B	▼ 4.27%
November 29, 2019	$14.353B	▲ 4.14%
October 31, 2019	$13.782B	▲ 7.72%
September 30, 2019	$12.795B	▲ 6.19%
August 30, 2019	$12.049B	▼ 4.06%
July 31, 2019	$12.559B	▼ 13.38%
June 28, 2019	$14.499B	▲ 6.37%
May 31, 2019	$13.631B	▼ 4.82%
April 30, 2019	$14.322B	▲ 4.97%
March 29, 2019	$13.644B	▲ 6.88%
February 28, 2019	$12.766B	▲ 4.72%
January 31, 2019	$12.191B	▲ 6.31%
2018	$11.467B	▲ 2.72%
December 31, 2018	$11.467B	▼ 17.64%
November 30, 2018	$13.923B	▲ 3.84%
October 31, 2018	$13.408B	▼ 6.86%
September 28, 2018	$14.395B	▲ 5.84%
August 31, 2018	$13.601B	▲ 10.58%
July 31, 2018	$12.3B	▲ 1.43%
June 29, 2018	$12.126B	▲ 0.12%
May 31, 2018	$12.111B	▲ 9.44%
April 30, 2018	$11.066B	▲ 3.35%
March 29, 2018	$10.708B	▲ 3.95%
February 28, 2018	$10.301B	▼ 18.26%
January 31, 2018	$12.602B	▲ 12.88%
2017	$11.164B	▲ 33.70%
December 29, 2017	$11.164B	▲ 1.87%
November 30, 2017	$10.959B	▼ 3.53%
October 31, 2017	$11.359B	▲ 0.78%
September 29, 2017	$11.272B	▲ 3.17%
August 31, 2017	$10.925B	▼ 6.02%
July 31, 2017	$11.626B	▲ 3.88%
June 30, 2017	$11.191B	▲ 3.47%
May 31, 2017	$10.815B	▲ 4.85%
April 28, 2017	$10.315B	▲ 15.05%
March 31, 2017	$8.965B	▲ 4.68%
February 28, 2017	$8.564B	▲ 4.29%
January 31, 2017	$8.212B	▼ 1.64%
2016	$8.349B	▲ 11.80%
December 30, 2016	$8.349B	▼ 1.70%
November 30, 2016	$8.494B	▲ 19.50%
October 31, 2016	$7.108B	▼ 2.78%
September 30, 2016	$7.311B	▼ 2.76%
August 31, 2016	$7.518B	▼ 9.23%
July 29, 2016	$8.283B	▲ 2.92%
June 30, 2016	$8.048B	▼ 4.00%
May 31, 2016	$8.384B	▲ 16.58%
April 29, 2016	$7.192B	▼ 2.44%
March 31, 2016	$7.371B	▲ 8.65%
February 29, 2016	$6.785B	▼ 6.25%
January 29, 2016	$7.237B	▼ 3.10%
2015	$7.468B	▲ 1.33%
December 31, 2015	$7.468B	▼ 3.40%
November 30, 2015	$7.731B	▲ 2.90%
October 30, 2015	$7.513B	▲ 8.03%
September 30, 2015	$6.954B	▼ 2.06%
August 31, 2015	$7.101B	▼ 3.45%
July 31, 2015	$7.355B	▲ 3.25%
June 30, 2015	$7.123B	▼ 1.93%
May 29, 2015	$7.263B	▲ 5.42%
April 30, 2015	$6.89B	▼ 2.30%
March 31, 2015	$7.052B	▼ 3.05%
February 27, 2015	$7.274B	▼ 1.32%
January 30, 2015	$7.371B	▲ 0.01%
2014	$7.37B	▲ 12.79%
December 31, 2014	$7.37B	▼ 2.06%
November 28, 2014	$7.525B	▲ 5.91%
October 31, 2014	$7.105B	▲ 9.87%
September 30, 2014	$6.467B	▼ 2.48%
August 29, 2014	$6.631B	▲ 9.02%
July 31, 2014	$6.083B	▼ 2.98%
June 30, 2014	$6.269B	▼ 2.26%
May 30, 2014	$6.414B	▲ 3.12%
April 30, 2014	$6.22B	▼ 0.71%
March 31, 2014	$6.265B	▼ 2.07%
February 28, 2014	$6.397B	▼ 1.09%
January 31, 2014	$6.468B	▼ 1.01%
2013	$6.534B	▲ 52.09%
December 31, 2013	$6.534B	▲ 9.65%
November 29, 2013	$5.959B	▲ 9.67%
October 31, 2013	$5.434B	▼ 1.75%
September 30, 2013	$5.531B	▲ 2.41%
August 30, 2013	$5.4B	▼ 3.40%
July 31, 2013	$5.591B	▲ 4.64%
June 28, 2013	$5.343B	▲ 0.67%
May 31, 2013	$5.307B	▼ 2.14%
April 30, 2013	$5.423B	▲ 6.76%
March 28, 2013	$5.08B	▲ 9.34%
February 28, 2013	$4.646B	▼ 3.40%
January 31, 2013	$4.809B	▲ 11.94%
2012	$4.296B	▲ 30.22%
December 31, 2012	$4.296B	▼ 4.19%
November 30, 2012	$4.484B	▲ 3.17%
October 31, 2012	$4.347B	▲ 0.95%
September 28, 2012	$4.306B	▼ 6.68%
August 31, 2012	$4.614B	▲ 11.26%
July 31, 2012	$4.147B	▲ 3.27%
June 29, 2012	$4.016B	▲ 5.83%
May 31, 2012	$3.795B	▼ 7.12%
April 30, 2012	$4.086B	▲ 2.62%
March 30, 2012	$3.981B	▲ 5.91%
February 29, 2012	$3.759B	▲ 6.20%
January 31, 2012	$3.54B	▲ 7.28%
2011	$3.299B	▲ 3.53%
December 30, 2011	$3.299B	▼ 8.09%
November 30, 2011	$3.59B	▼ 1.79%
October 31, 2011	$3.655B	▲ 10.24%
September 30, 2011	$3.316B	▼ 3.57%
August 31, 2011	$3.438B	▼ 3.49%
July 29, 2011	$3.563B	▼ 8.39%
June 30, 2011	$3.889B	▲ 2.45%
May 31, 2011	$3.796B	▼ 9.04%
April 29, 2011	$4.173B	▲ 2.98%
March 31, 2011	$4.053B	▲ 11.93%
February 28, 2011	$3.621B	▲ 6.49%
January 31, 2011	$3.4B	▲ 6.69%
2010	$3.187B	▲ 84.25%
December 31, 2010	$3.187B	▲ 3.06%
November 30, 2010	$3.092B	▲ 1.51%
October 29, 2010	$3.046B	▲ 7.60%
September 30, 2010	$2.831B	▲ 3.57%
August 31, 2010	$2.733B	▲ 13.95%
July 30, 2010	$2.399B	▲ 8.27%
June 30, 2010	$2.216B	▼ 6.93%
May 28, 2010	$2.381B	▲ 2.78%
April 30, 2010	$2.316B	▲ 8.28%
March 31, 2010	$2.139B	▼ 6.26%
February 26, 2010	$2.282B	▲ 11.21%
January 29, 2010	$2.052B	▲ 18.63%
2009	$1.73B	▲ 3.12%
December 31, 2009	$1.73B	▼ 4.32%
November 30, 2009	$1.808B	▲ 1.61%
October 30, 2009	$1.779B	▲ 1.92%
September 30, 2009	$1.746B	▲ 10.44%
August 31, 2009	$1.581B	▼ 2.57%
July 31, 2009	$1.622B	▲ 12.07%
June 30, 2009	$1.448B	▼ 0.03%
May 29, 2009	$1.448B	▲ 13.62%
April 30, 2009	$1.275B	▲ 23.31%
March 31, 2009	$1.034B	▲ 8.90%
February 27, 2009	$0.949B	▼ 28.60%
January 30, 2009	$1.329B	▼ 20.74%
2008	$1.677B	▼ 3.55%
December 31, 2008	$1.677B	▲ 16.08%
November 28, 2008	$1.445B	▼ 16.52%
October 31, 2008	$1.731B	▼ 18.73%
September 30, 2008	$2.13B	▼ 14.12%
August 29, 2008	$2.48B	▲ 8.42%
July 31, 2008	$2.288B	▲ 17.57%
June 30, 2008	$1.946B	▼ 5.56%
May 30, 2008	$2.06B	▼ 4.93%
April 30, 2008	$2.167B	▲ 18.51%
March 31, 2008	$1.829B	▼ 1.85%
February 29, 2008	$1.863B	▲ 27.51%
January 31, 2008	$1.461B	▼ 15.97%
2007	$1.739B	▼ 22.98%
December 31, 2007	$1.739B	▼ 11.78%
November 30, 2007	$1.971B	▼ 13.74%
October 31, 2007	$2.285B	▼ 11.46%
September 28, 2007	$2.581B	▲ 10.63%
August 31, 2007	$2.333B	▲ 5.64%
July 31, 2007	$2.209B	▼ 13.67%
June 29, 2007	$2.558B	▼ 10.78%
May 31, 2007	$2.867B	▲ 9.24%
April 30, 2007	$2.625B	▲ 5.30%
March 30, 2007	$2.493B	▲ 13.19%
February 28, 2007	$2.202B	▼ 3.20%
January 31, 2007	$2.275B	▲ 0.77%
2006	$2.258B	▲ 54.17%
December 29, 2006	$2.258B	▲ 2.65%
November 30, 2006	$2.2B	▲ 3.66%
October 31, 2006	$2.122B	▲ 5.77%
September 29, 2006	$2.006B	▲ 12.83%
August 31, 2006	$1.778B	▲ 9.48%
July 31, 2006	$1.624B	▲ 0.28%
June 30, 2006	$1.62B	▼ 9.30%
May 31, 2006	$1.786B	▲ 11.63%
April 28, 2006	$1.6B	▲ 0.50%
March 31, 2006	$1.592B	▼ 1.16%
February 28, 2006	$1.61B	▲ 2.37%
January 31, 2006	$1.573B	▲ 7.42%
2005	$1.465B	▲ 5.16%
December 30, 2005	$1.465B	▼ 4.30%
November 30, 2005	$1.53B	▲ 11.96%
October 31, 2005	$1.367B	▲ 2.99%
September 30, 2005	$1.327B	▲ 4.57%
August 31, 2005	$1.269B	▲ 8.39%
July 29, 2005	$1.171B	▼ 2.35%
June 30, 2005	$1.199B	▲ 7.73%
May 31, 2005	$1.113B	▲ 17.54%
April 29, 2005	$0.947B	▼ 11.81%
March 31, 2005	$1.074B	▼ 0.55%
February 28, 2005	$1.08B	▼ 14.51%
January 31, 2005	$1.263B	▼ 9.31%
2004	$1.393B	▲ 22.50%
December 31, 2004	$1.393B	▲ 5.64%
November 30, 2004	$1.318B	— 0.00%
October 29, 2004	$1.318B	▲ 1.80%
September 30, 2004	$1.295B	▲ 2.28%
August 31, 2004	$1.266B	▼ 4.78%
July 30, 2004	$1.33B	▼ 2.90%
June 30, 2004	$1.369B	▲ 7.92%
May 28, 2004	$1.269B	▲ 2.60%
April 30, 2004	$1.237B	▲ 3.54%
March 31, 2004	$1.194B	▲ 5.16%
February 27, 2004	$1.136B	▼ 0.62%
January 30, 2004	$1.143B	▲ 0.53%
2003	$1.137B	▲ 53.07%
December 31, 2003	$1.137B	▼ 12.46%
November 28, 2003	$1.299B	▲ 1.33%
October 31, 2003	$1.282B	▲ 49.66%
September 30, 2003	$0.856B	▲ 5.15%
August 29, 2003	$0.814B	▲ 19.23%
July 31, 2003	$0.683B	▲ 15.96%
June 30, 2003	$0.589B	▼ 0.74%
May 30, 2003	$0.593B	▼ 6.30%
April 30, 2003	$0.633B	▲ 14.24%
March 31, 2003	$0.554B	▼ 6.20%
February 28, 2003	$0.591B	▼ 15.67%
January 31, 2003	$0.701B	▼ 5.65%
2002	$0.743B	▼ 24.93%
December 31, 2002	$0.743B	▼ 7.22%
November 29, 2002	$0.801B	▲ 22.02%
October 31, 2002	$0.656B	▼ 1.23%
September 30, 2002	$0.664B	▼ 14.70%
August 30, 2002	$0.779B	▲ 21.42%
July 31, 2002	$0.641B	▼ 24.80%
June 28, 2002	$0.853B	▼ 11.87%
May 31, 2002	$0.968B	▼ 2.05%
April 30, 2002	$0.988B	▼ 9.50%
March 28, 2002	$1.092B	▲ 9.23%
February 28, 2002	$0.999B	▲ 0.85%
January 31, 2002	$0.991B	▲ 0.17%
2001	$0.989B	▲ 65.66%
December 31, 2001	$0.989B	▲ 18.74%
November 30, 2001	$0.833B	▲ 9.57%
October 31, 2001	$0.76B	▼ 2.21%
September 28, 2001	$0.778B	▼ 9.05%
August 31, 2001	$0.855B	▼ 10.36%
July 31, 2001	$0.954B	▼ 0.07%
June 29, 2001	$0.954B	▲ 20.88%
May 31, 2001	$0.79B	▲ 13.75%
April 30, 2001	$0.694B	▲ 19.19%
March 30, 2001	$0.582B	▼ 20.71%
February 28, 2001	$0.734B	▲ 4.94%
January 31, 2001	$0.7B	▲ 17.20%
2000	$0.597B	▼ 55.74%
December 29, 2000	$0.597B	▼ 18.82%
November 30, 2000	$0.736B	▼ 10.27%
October 31, 2000	$0.82B	▼ 17.82%
September 29, 2000	$0.998B	▼ 13.08%
August 31, 2000	$1.148B	▼ 5.31%
July 31, 2000	$1.212B	▲ 17.71%
June 30, 2000	$1.03B	▼ 11.37%
May 31, 2000	$1.162B	▼ 1.39%
April 28, 2000	$1.178B	▼ 14.29%
March 31, 2000	$1.375B	▲ 8.56%
February 29, 2000	$1.266B	▼ 8.03%
January 31, 2000	$1.377B	▲ 2.05%
1999	$1.349B	▼ 37.79%
December 31, 1999	$1.349B	▲ 33.54%
November 30, 1999	$1.01B	▲ 16.10%
October 29, 1999	$0.87B	▼ 39.06%
September 30, 1999	$1.428B	▼ 33.17%
August 31, 1999	$2.137B	▼ 5.63%
July 30, 1999	$2.264B	▲ 8.23%
June 30, 1999	$2.092B	▼ 10.87%
May 28, 1999	$2.347B	▲ 20.66%
April 30, 1999	$1.946B	▼ 15.51%
March 31, 1999	$2.303B	▲ 0.56%
February 26, 1999	$2.29B	▼ 6.51%
January 29, 1999	$2.449B	▲ 12.94%
1998	$2.169B	▼ 41.25%
December 31, 1998	$2.169B	▼ 1.90%
November 30, 1998	$2.211B	▲ 9.94%
October 30, 1998	$2.011B	▼ 4.79%
September 30, 1998	$2.112B	▼ 10.09%
August 31, 1998	$2.349B	▼ 24.49%
July 31, 1998	$3.111B	▼ 12.50%
June 30, 1998	$3.555B	▲ 6.83%
May 29, 1998	$3.328B	▼ 0.19%
April 30, 1998	$3.334B	▼ 11.37%
March 31, 1998	$3.762B	▼ 4.79%
February 27, 1998	$3.952B	▲ 6.87%
January 30, 1998	$3.698B	▲ 0.17%
1997	$3.691B	▲ 0.95%
December 31, 1997	$3.691B	▲ 31.06%
November 28, 1997	$2.817B	▲ 3.10%
October 31, 1997	$2.732B	▼ 5.83%
September 30, 1997	$2.901B	▲ 14.65%
August 29, 1997	$2.531B	▼ 6.83%
July 31, 1997	$2.716B	▼ 21.04%
June 30, 1997	$3.44B	▲ 24.92%
May 30, 1997	$2.754B	▲ 10.95%
April 30, 1997	$2.482B	▲ 21.39%
March 31, 1997	$2.045B	▼ 17.71%
February 28, 1997	$2.485B	▼ 22.63%
January 31, 1997	$3.211B	▼ 12.18%
1996	$3.657B	▲ 78.56%
December 31, 1996	$3.657B	▲ 7.80%
November 29, 1996	$3.392B	▲ 18.70%
October 31, 1996	$2.858B	▼ 9.56%
September 30, 1996	$3.16B	▲ 10.79%
August 30, 1996	$2.852B	▼ 4.21%
July 31, 1996	$2.977B	▼ 11.80%
June 28, 1996	$3.376B	▲ 2.45%
May 31, 1996	$3.295B	▲ 4.38%
April 30, 1996	$3.157B	▲ 16.18%
March 29, 1996	$2.717B	▲ 12.70%
February 29, 1996	$2.411B	▼ 2.04%
January 31, 1996	$2.461B	▲ 20.18%
1995	$2.048B	▲ 147.28%
December 29, 1995	$2.048B	▲ 10.06%
November 30, 1995	$1.861B	▼ 0.29%
October 31, 1995	$1.866B	▲ 23.37%
September 29, 1995	$1.513B	▲ 15.42%
August 31, 1995	$1.31B	▼ 7.72%
July 31, 1995	$1.42B	▲ 6.03%
June 30, 1995	$1.339B	▲ 32.83%
May 31, 1995	$1.008B	▲ 15.41%
April 28, 1995	$0.874B	▼ 3.78%
March 31, 1995	$0.908B	▲ 4.72%
February 28, 1995	$0.867B	▲ 7.79%
January 31, 1995	$0.804B	▼ 2.86%
1994	$0.828B	▲ 135.31%
December 30, 1994	$0.828B	▲ 14.71%
November 30, 1994	$0.722B	▲ 5.02%
October 31, 1994	$0.687B	▲ 13.60%
September 30, 1994	$0.605B	▲ 15.99%
August 31, 1994	$0.522B	▲ 4.33%
July 29, 1994	$0.5B	▲ 9.78%
June 30, 1994	$0.456B	▲ 15.44%
May 31, 1994	$0.395B	▲ 12.14%
April 29, 1994	$0.352B	▲ 2.94%
March 31, 1994	$0.342B	▼ 20.21%
February 28, 1994	$0.428B	▲ 1.20%
January 31, 1994	$0.423B	▲ 20.29%
1993	$0.352B	N/A
December 31, 1993	$0.352B	▲ 42.35%
November 30, 1993	$0.247B	▲ 17.14%
October 29, 1993	$0.211B	N/A

All market cap values reflect closing prices for the period shown.

📊 Gartner Market Cap and Other Industry Peers

Below are selected companies for comparison based on industry, sub-industry, and sector:

Note: Market capitalization figures are based on available sources and may differ slightly from actual values, particularly for historical data.